Industrial+Revolution+Terms

__**People, Terms and Events**__
 * 1) Agricultural Revolution - between 17th and 18th centuries in Britain a time of increased agricultural productivity which helped lead to the Industrial Revolution. A changing point in farming that brought a continuous rotation of use of fields and provided people and their animals with much more food. During the Agricultural Revolution, landowners and powerful market systems flourished. Some of the new methods included: enclosed fields, continuous rotation, heavy manuring, and many types of crops.
 * 2) Common rights / Enclosure - system of private property, work for wages as opposed to food and shelter. This law fenced open fields and caused landowners to have to produce many more crops and "sell out".
 * 3) Proletariat - a lower, working class. Eventually they became completely dependent on the landowners and lost their dignity/self-respect because they are forced to by leases from wealthy landowners and so are dependent on them.
 * 4) Mercantilism - a government controlled system of economy based on national prosperity through accumulation of capital
 * 5) Cottage Industry system / Putting Out System - system of production in which work was controlled by a central agent but conducted by various people in their own homes, less efficient and unreliable. The people were not forced to work; they could work at the amount and rate that they pleased. This is why it was less efficient than factories.
 * 6) James Hargreaves (1720-1778)—//The Spinning Jenny// - invented the Cotton Spinning Jenny in 1765 which was a machine that allowed 1 worker to control 8 spools of cloth at one time. It was very cheap yet efficient.
 * 7) Richard Arkwright (1732-1792)—//The Water Frame// -invented the water frame in 1769 which was a significant improvement on the cotton spinning jenny. The Water Frame could only spin coarse, strong thread.
 * 8) Body linen - underwear which was considered a luxury among the rich until cotton became so cheap and widely used. It was too expensive for most people to afford them, and it was soon to be replaced by cotton goods.
 * 9) James Watt (1736-1819)—//The Steam Engine// -British engineer who made extreme improvements on, and created a well working steam engine in 1769, used for factories not transportation. The steam engine was the most fundamental success during the industrial revolution and it helped the cotton and iron industries expand.
 * 10) George Stephenson (1781-1848)—//The Rocket// -built first public train, built in 1830, The Rocket went from Liverpool to Manchester at 16 mph, it was both a financial and technological success.
 * 11) William Cockerill (technician) -began building British cotton spinning equipment in Belgium, son John created an industrial enterprise producing machinery, steam engines, and railway cars. He worked for the government but then slipped out in order to start building cotton spinning equipment. He started a revolution of people beginning their own companies.
 * 12) Fritz Harkort (entrepreneur) - believed Germany had to catch up to Britain, imported British machines to Germany to build locomotives, entrepreneur, eventually had to quit because the cost of importing British goods was too high. Believed that Germany needed to copy Britain's moves in order to succeed like them.
 * 13) Friedrich List (economic nationalism) - large supporter of nationalism and tariff protection, supported Zolverein, believed agricultural society was weak compared to industrialization. He believed that agricultural society was not only weak but it was unable to defend itself because its only product was food.
 * 14) //Zollverein// -a customs union among the German states that would prevent tariffs within the country
 * 15) Limited Liability Industrial Banks - banks that had a limited liability meant that investors could only lose what they originally put in, this encouraged investment because there was a low risk
 * 16) Take-Off
 * 17) <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)—//Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)// - argued that population would always grow faster than food supply, believed in "checks" on population like war and disease, supporter of abstinence and marrying at older ages.
 * 18) <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">David Ricardo (1772-1823)—//The Iron Law of Wages// - because of the pressure of population growth wages would always shrink to subsistence level
 * 19) <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Pauper Laws of 1802 - exploitation of children through labor outlawed by Parliament, certain conditions required
 * 20) <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Factory Act of 1833 - limited hours of work/day for children, limited employment of those under 9, children under 9 must go to school
 * 21) <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Mines Act of 1842 -prohibited underground work for women, considered a scandal for woen to work in the pits, prevented the fraternizing of sexes
 * 22) <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Luddites - group of people against machinery and industrialization, attacked factories
 * 23) <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx
 * 24) <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Combinations Act of 1799 / repeal 1824 - outlawed unions and strikes, disregarded by workers, eventually repealed because it was only natural for workers to strike and unionize, originally created as a panicked reaction to French Revolution. Even while the act was still going on, unions and strikes were still, for the most part, tolerated.
 * 25) <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Robert Owen – Grand National Consolidated Trades Union - attempt by Robert Owen to create a national trade union in Britain in 1834. Concerned with the health and working hours of workers, he organized the Grand National Trades Union.
 * 26) <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Craft Unions -organizations of workers in a particular line of work/industry
 * 27) <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Chartist Movement - movement of workers towards political democracy as well as support for the working class, gave proletariat a sense of identity
 * 28) <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Tory Party - minority of aristocrats who tried to win over the support of the working class by putting forth the Ten Hours Act and other acts to better factory conditions
 * 29) <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Corn Laws (1815 - 1846) -mercantilist laws that kept cheap grain out of England, caused English grain prices to skyrocket
 * 30) <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Reform Bill of 1832 - bill that increased number of voters by 50%, put main power in the House of Commons
 * 31) <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">People’s Charter of 1838 - core demand for universal male suffrage
 * 32) <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Anti-Corn Law League - organized group of people fighting to get Corn Laws repealed, founded in 1839
 * 33) <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Ten Hours Act of 1847 -limited workday for women and young people to 10 hours per day
 * 34) <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Jeremy Bentham -radical British philosopher who taught that political problems should be dealt on a rational, scientific basis for the greatest good of the greatest people
 * 35) <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Edwin Chadwick - Benthamite, believed disease and death cause poverty, believed disease could be prevented by cleaning up the city, "sanitary idea"
 * 36) <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Urban Planning - the organizing and planning out of cities that increases sanitation and decreases death rate

[|quizlet!!!!]