Realpolitik+Turns+on+Itself

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__**Chapter 27: The Great Break:**__ __**War and Revolution**__ //**The First World War**// __**Names**__ Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) [//German//] - leader who managed to revamp Germany's declining empire and make it one of the strongest countries in Europe by not pursuing colonies, keeping France isolated, linking Austria and Russia in the Three Emperor's League and then the Russia-German Reinsurance Treaty, and maintaining good graces with Italy and Britain William II (r. 1888-1918) [//German//] - leader of Germany who made many big boo boos. First, he dismissed Bismarck, not realizing that he was the one keeping the peace in Europe. Next he backed out on the Russian Reinsurance Treaty, which resulted in rival blocs in Europe that would eventually become war enemies. Archduke Francis Ferdinand (1863-1914) [//Austrian//] - Heir to Austria-Hungary who was murdered by radical Serbian nationalists. This resulted in Austrian mobilization with the full support of Germany. Soon this was no longer a war in the Balkans, but an entire world war. Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg (1856-1921) [//German//] - chancellor of Germany who aided in the giving of the blank check to Austria in order to fund the war. He did not, however, expect that Britain would get involved and become a threat to Germany. After the terrors of the Battle of Verdun and the Battle of Somme he was driven off by Hindenberg and Ludendorf and lost his power in Germany. Nicholas II (r. 1894-1917) - Tsar of Russia who wanted absolute power and therefore ignored the Duma, which was the legislative branch. When he realized that the Russians were not happy with how the war was going, he decided to leave for battle, leaving the throne to his crazy wife Alexandra. She rested all her faith in Rasputin, whom the Russian people viewed as evil. As a result the Duma declared a provisional government and Nicholas II was abdicated. Helmuth von Moltke (1848-1916) [//German//] - demanded that Belgium allow German armies to pass through its territories. Belgium refused due to its neutrality, leading Germany to launch an all out attack on Belgium as well as France.  __**Before the War**__ The Three Emperor’s League (1873) - alliance between the conservative monarchs Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia craftily put together by Bismarck, who wished to have the power of numbers as well as fronts on Germany's side for protection. The Congress of Berlin (1878) - meeting in which Bismarck played the peacemaker in Europe. However his attempts at balancing the controversial land in the Balkans infuriated Russian nationalists, to the point where he felt necessary for Germany to make a defensive alliance with Austria. The Dual Alliance (1879) - Treaty between Germany and Austria as a result of the Congress of Berlin. Infuriated Russian nationalists threatened the two empires, who felt compelled to join in a defensive alliance in case of attack. The Triple Alliance (1882) - alliance between Germany, Austria, and Italy resulting from Italy deciding to join in on the Dual Alliance due to its tensions with France. This caused animosity to increase between this rival bloc and the other European countries of France, Britain, and Russia. The Reinsurance Treaty (1887) - Treaty between Germany and Russia that promised neutrality in case of war. However after Bismarck was forced to resign, William II of Germany refused to renew this treaty even though Russia was willing to do so. The Franco-Russian Alliance (1894) - Alliance between France and Russia that came as a result of Germany breaking off its alliance with Russia. France seized the opportunity to court Russia into a military alliance rivaling the Triple Alliance and henceforth dividing Europe in two. “Splendid Isolation” - Great Britain's foreign policy in which they refused to take part in permanent alliances unless absolutely necessary for the sake of Europe. Unfortunately Great Britain would not truly recognize when they were needed to sort out the rival blocks, and instead joined one. The South African War (1899-1902) - war between British and Afrikaner forces in South Africa, convincing British leaders that it was over extended around the world. Created widespread anti-British feeling, particularly in Germany. The Anglo-French Entente (1904) - Agreement between Britain and France that ceded Egypt to Britain and Morocco to France. This put the formerly rival countries in good graces, while angering Germany about the expanding French. <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">The Algeciras Conference (1906) - international conference called upon by Germany as a result of its anger at France gaining land in Morocco. However instead of testing and weakening the alliance of Britain and France like it had planned to, Germany raised suspicion and fear among Britain, France, and Russia of its defensive nature. <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">The Triple Entente (1907) -Nervous Russia sees Germany as both an economic competitor and physical threat and agrees to settle its ties with France and Great Britain and join in on their alliance in order to protect themselves from the rising German power. <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;"> The First Balkan War (1912-1913) - War caused by the increase in Balkan nationalism leading to hostility towards Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. In defense Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina. This caused Serbia to join with Greece and Bulgaria and attack the Ottoman Empire. After winning the war, Serbia fought with Bulgaria over the won land, leading to the Second Balkan War. <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">The Second Balkan War (1913) - direct result of conflicts between Bulgaria and Serbia fighting over their win in the First Balkan War. Austria was compelled to intervene and forced Serbia to give up Albania. The Ottoman Empire was officially broken apart. This scared Austria-Hungary to death as they feared that they would be the next empire to be broken apart. <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">The Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand (June 28, 1914) - heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne murdered by nationalist Serbians. Once this happen A-H rallied back, giving Serbia the opportunity to give itself up right then. However it did not acquiesce and A-H gained Germany's support in mobilizing against Serbia. Eventually all the countries were involved and it was a WORLD WAR. <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">“The Blank Check” - Germany gave Austria a blank check to fight against the Serbs. This showed that Germany and Austria-Hungary were permanently tied together with a strong bond and were ready to face a war together. <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">July 28, 1914: Austria declares war on Serbia - After Serbia refused to acquiesce to Austria's ultimatum of relinquishing power, Austria was compelled to mobilize against Serbia in the Third Balkan War, which gradually progressed into World War One. <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;"> __**The Great War**__ <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Central Powers - Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Allied Powers - France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, USA, and others <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Schlieffen Plan - Germany feared a war on two fronts, and adopted this plan in order to minimize the attack from both sides. They decided to enter France by crossing neutral Belgium, and eventually encircle Paris. Slowly they were making it through Belgium until they ran into French and British backed troops. The Western Front <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Battle of the Marne (September 5, 1914 to September 9, 1914 - 3 day long battle between France and Germany in which France was able to overcome the Germans and protect Paris from attack. This began the race to the sea. <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">The Race to the Sea - Germany kept trying to bypass while France persistently defended itself, moving the battle further and further northward towards the sea. This disabled Germany from moving in on Paris, and forced its troops in the complete opposite direction. <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Trench Warfare - brutal style of warfare used on the Western Front in which trenches were dug to prevent soldiers from the fire of machine guns. Soldiers would hide in these trenches for protection. <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Treaty of London (April 26, 1915) *Italy joins the allies - Although Italy was originally involved in the Triple Alliance, it declared neutrality in 1914 on the grounds that Austria had launched the war of aggression. However it could not say neutral for long and was eventually courted by the Triple Entente with the promise Austrian Territory. <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Battle of Verdun (February 21, 1916 to December 18, 1916) - one of the longest and bloodiest battles of the war that the Germans came extremely close to winning until the French received support from the British who helped managed to prevent German infiltration but only after a resulting 750,000 casualties <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Battle of the Somme (July 1, 1916 to November 18, 1916) - in attempts to relieve the pressure of the Battle of Verdun, the British dropped bombs on Germany. While many Germans survived by hiding in trenches, the amount of casualties was massive compared to the measly 125 square miles gained by Britain. The Eastern Front <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Battle of Tannenberg (August 25, 1914 to August 31, 1914) - Germany beat the Russian steamroller in this battle. It is considered one of the greatest successes on the eastern front.<span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;"> The Russian Revolution (begins February 1917) - the strain of total war was too much for Russia and its people cracked under the pressure. Bread prices were high while workers labored tirelessly for little to no return. At the same time Russian government was collapsing due to the Tsars inability to work with the Duma in a more democratic system of government. Communists henceforth overthrew the Tsar and rose to power, appealing to the lower classes through the distribution of bread and land.<span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;"> The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 3, 1918) - Germany set up a dictatorship to exploit the collapse of Russian armies with this harsh treaty. It was a counter to the peace resolution that moderates had established in Reichstag.

__**Other Important Events**__ <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Sinking of the Lusitania (May 7, 1915) - the Germans used sub warfare to sink a British ship with over 1,000 civilians aboard. Of the 1,000 civilians 100 of them were American, leading to the US's cessation of neutrality and entrance into WWI. <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">USA enters World War I (April 6, 1917) - After Germans initially used sub warfare and killed Americans, the US forced them to stop with the threat of US's entrance to the war. However after two years of Germany not using sub warfare, it realized that this was a necessary strategy and war tactic. So Germany resumed its sub warfare leaving the US compelled to get involved in the war and join with the Allies.

<span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Technological Advances //Machine Gun// //Submarine (U-Boat)// //Airplane// //Zeppelin// //Poison Gas// //Tanks// //Flame Throwers//

<span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Total War - war that affected everyone, everywhere. It meant that people on the home front were experiencing the war on a day to day basis. The majority of jobs were focused on helping a country in the war, men went to fight, and women worked in factories or as war nurses. Total War was a grueling and demanding process that strained civilians everywhere. <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">War Weariness - soldiers were dying and realized that it did not make that much sense to continue fighting and losing. This resulted in many German soldiers abandoning their positions and leaving the Central Powers out of luck.

<span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: #ffffff none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">**WHAT ARE THESE?!?** <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%;"> Battle of Jutland (May 31, 1916 to June 1, 1916) Zimmerman Telegram (March 2, 1917) -the telegram from the Foreign Secretary of Germany to the German ambassador that informed him of the fact that even though their wish was to keep US neutral, they felt forced to reinstate submarine warfare because they were getting no where without it.