Unit+2+Terms

==== 1. Louis XIV- absolutist ruler who referred to himself as the "Sun King" because he thought everything revolved around him (JERK!), built Versailles as a symbol of his power and wealth. **He put France into much debt for his extravagant life style and for all the wars (Franco- Dutch War, War of the League of Augsberg, and War of Spanish Succession). His motives were to have all the power to himself which ultimately leads to the most money** **. Not very well liked by the people. Some say that his reing was the one that set the Revolution in motion.**====

2. Louis XV:
more concerned with mistresses than matters of the state...eventually, he took action to defend his absolutist inheritance after Parliament objection. "The magistrates are my officers…In my person only does the sovereign power rest." Louis XV really enjoyed the lavish lifestyle that came to him upon becoming king. Instated the the Parliament, but later dissolved it due to their opposing his absolutist style.
 * Appointed __Rene de Maupeou__ as chancellor and ordered him to crush the judicial oppression
 * Died 1774, succeeded by Louis XVI

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3. Parliament of Paris- council in Paris of men who would not agree with the king's wishes to increase taxes on the people, were exiled and disbanded by the king only to be brought back because they had the general will of the people in mind. The Parliament of Paris had previously been consisted of nobles in charge, but now they were from the working class, which brought more approval from the urban poor and the workers. =====
 * The Duke of Orleans restored to the Parliament of Paris he ancient right to evaluate royal decrees publicly before they were given the force of law**
 * Previously Suspended under Louis XIV, fateful step in abolishment of absolutism
 * Parliament Judges had originally come from middle class, now risen to become hereditary nobles
 * By allowing this new well entrenched aristocratic group to evaluate the kings decrees, the Duke sanctioned a counterweight to absolute power {Checks and Balances!}
 * By allowing this new well entrenched aristocratic group to evaluate the kings decrees, the Duke sanctioned a counterweight to absolute power {Checks and Balances!}

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lasted between 1754–1763 and involved all of the major European powers of the period in an imperial rivalry, expenditures added to the growing debt in France. This war involved Prussia and Austria (along with many other countries) and these were a few of the countries that had a significant influence on the French Revolution. The war started when Frederick the Great of Russia invaded Saxony and escalated to fighting between Britain and its allies and France and its allies.=====

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5. Louis XVI: "Shy with good intentions" ...R einstated old Parliament of Paris as enlightened public opinion cheered and anticipated more representative government. Ultimately the French Revolution would happen under his rule. He was married to Marie Antoinette. This king was known for being really nice, but not exactly knowing what he wanted from the French. He changed his mind a lot on the Estates General and the National Assembly. The Estate General/Etats General came into power during Louis XVI's regime. =====
 * ===== Country locked in stalemate, drifting toward new financial crisis and political upheaval =====

6. Liberty-

 * The desire for more personal liberties was one of the main reason that the Third Estate wanted to overthrow the monarchy.


 * ===== Call for individual human rights =====
 * The idea of liberty was said to enable people to practically do anything they wished as long as it was not harming another person or society.
 * Every person, no matter what their class would be judged fairly in trial.
 * Freedom of speech, religion, etc.
 * Men are born with equal rights
 * Liberty as long as it does not hurt someone else
 * ===== Protested controls over monarchs =====
 * ===== Freedom to worship =====
 * ===== End to censorship =====
 * ===== Freedom from arbitrary laws =====

Equality-

 * Inspired ideal of the Enlightenment.
 * Part of the driving force of the French Revolution.
 * ===== More ambiguous than liberty =====
 * Equality for Individuals


 * ===== All citizens should be equal…? =====
 * ===== Men =====
 * ===== People should not be economically equal. =====
 * ===== Only equal in the pursuit and opportunity. =====
 * ===== Revolutionary idea =====
 * Does not guaranteed equality of outcome.
 * The revolution moves from being focused on equality of opportunity in the first 2 steps of the revolution, to being focused on the more socialist idea of equality of outcome in the third and fourth stage.

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7. Bourgeoisie- part of the Third Estate of France made up of skilled and educated workers. The bourgeoisie was a very influential group of people during the French Revolution who rose up to fight against absolutism. =====
 * They teamed up with the nobles to fight for liberty and rights. These liberties can give them more power which is very important in this time. They are more supportive of the first stage (focused on liberty and equality and allowed people to gain wealth and power); the fourth stage (abolishes economic controls and middle class rises to power); and fifth stage (Napoleon secures wealth and private property).
 * Alliances between the Bourgeoisie and the peasants is what many believe to be a key alliance in the development of the French Revolution

8. The Estates System- Class system of France

 * =====First Estate- Roman Catholic Clergy=====
 * =====did not have to pay any taxes=====
 * =====comprised of 100,000 people=====
 * 0.4% of the people
 * owned 10% of the land
 * =====Second Estate- Nobles=====
 * =====taxed very lightly=====
 * =====granted manorial rights=====
 * 400,000 people
 * 1.6% of France's population
 * owned 25% of the land

**Privileges of lordship**

 * ===== **Taxed peasantry for own profit** =====
 * =====**granted honorific privileges**=====
 * =====**right to wear a sword**=====
 * =====**precedence on public occasions**=====
 * =====**comprised of 400,000 people**=====
 * **feudal dues**
 * **sway over govenment**


 * ===== **Commoners** =====
 * ===== **Some, but few were well educated and rich** =====
 * ===== **Could buy up manorial rights** =====
 * ===== **Urban artisans** =====
 * ===== **Unskilled laborers** =====
 * ===== **Peasants** =====
 * **Bourgeoisie were included; these people bought power and became friends with the nobles. By buying their way into the second estate, they bought some the rights and privileges that came with it.**
 * **65% Land**
 * **24.5 Million people (98%)**
 * **2 Million were Bourgeoisie (8%)**
 * **The peasants and urban poor were 22.5million (90%)**
 * **Under a monarch, the had ABSOLUTELY NO political power or influence**

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**9. The Estates General: The representative system that was put into place after the fall of the absolutist monarch. It was called back from after 150 or so years. Didn't have an accurate representation for all the estates. ** ===== The Estates General was called back for the first time in many years because of the debt issue. The King needed help and input, but first there must be a vote for who all will be in the Estates General which also caused a lot of controversy. The Estates General in essence was in charge of maintaining the estates system. He was the opposite of the National Assembly. The Estates General was a liberal force that listened to the "Cahiers" of the people, or their liberal demands.

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**10. National Assembly (June 17, 1789): Name that the 3rd estate party decided to call themselves as a reaction to the estates general not giving them accurate enough representation. The king then disbands both the National Assembly and the Estates General. The National Assembly went against the king and eventually disbanded the Estates system through calling off tariffs, elimination feudal dues, and leveling the playing field economically and socially. ** =====

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**11. Tennis Court Oath (June 20, 1789):** The National Assembly pledged not to disband until a constitution was made. They third estate (National Assembly) was locked out of their assembly hall at Versailles and thought there was a coup by Louis XIV. With supportive priests, they moved to a tennis court and are saying that they will not move until a new constitution is placed in order. It was signed by 576 out of 577 members of the National Assembly. =====

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**12. Fall of the Bastille (July 14, 1789)- march of commoners on the Bastille of Paris, which was a huge fortress and prison that symbolized royal power and absolutism. These commoners stormed the Bastille and took it over, enforcing the position of the National Assembly and its power. Very minuscule in the overall picture, but symbolized the start of the Revolution. Fall of the Bastille is now a French holiday.** =====

**13. Marquis de Lafayette**
He was appointed by the king in the Assembly of Notables and argued against higher taxes in order to solve the economic problems. He was again appointed by the king to represent the nobles or the second estate in the Estates General. He led the royal family to the decision of moving to Paris after the Women's March.

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**14. The Great Fear: was sparked by rumors of vagabonds and criminals who wandered the countryside. The urban poor was afraid of them because they believed that the nobles were not doing enough to protect them. None of the landowners, even the middle-class, were spared from the insurrection. This shows the decay of the estates system as the feudal lords always provide protection, while the lords in this case are not. The peasants have the bad end of the deal! Revolt! ** =====

**15. Night Session of August 4, 1789:**
A surprise maneuver on Versailles by the peasants who were rebelling against the incredibly high grain prices. The chaos accompanied by the demands for food were finally alleviated by the Duke of Aiguillion who urged equality in taxation. Later, with old exaction and taxation being removed from the peasantry, the rural poor only sought to protect their triumph with the progressing revolution. During the Night Session of August 4, 1789, the degree of the abolition of all feudalism was passed with enthusiasm.

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**16. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (August 27, 1789)-** Document that listed the rights of all men supporting liberty and equality. It states that all men are protected under and treated equally by the law, which serves to protect the good of people. The Declaration of the Rights of Man was a huge step in the French Revolution towards equality for each individual. This document was very influential, but it greatly skipped the specifics of how the government would carry out these ideas and how they would involve themselves into the lives of the individuals. The document was similar to the Bill of Rights, Declaration of Independence, and the Constitution in the sense that it was obtaining to individual's freedoms and rights. In fact, previous influences can be traced all the way back to the writing of the Magna Carta. =====

**17. Women’s March on Versailles (October 5, 1789)**

 * ===== **Thousands of women marched from Paris to Versailles to demand change in the taxes since the prices of bread had skyrocketed and it was too expensive for them to live off of.** =====
 * ===== **"We Want Bread!!!"** =====
 * ===== **Destroyed houses and slaughtered people** =====
 * ===== **Sought Mary Antoinette who was hated for her lavish lifestyle and how she was not helping them as she should** =====
 * ===== **King forced to move to Paris and comply with society's demands** =====
 * ===== **GIRL POWER!!!** =====
 * **It is important to notice that this march had little to do with women's rights; it was mostly about food**

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**18. Marie Antoinette-**an Austrian princess who was sent to France to get married to Louis XVI of France at the age of fourteen to strengthen ties between France and Austrian. Marie was the target of the Women's March ( a march that protested the rise of bread costs), but she was saved by the French National Guard. She was saved from the Woman's March due to the fact that she went out and appealed to the public with her children. She was able to address them directly, thereby lightening their anger towards her. She was also known for her lavish lifestyle and accused of being disloyal to her husband. She was executed on the 16th of October 1793. =====

**19. Civil Constitution of the Clergy (June 12, 1790) - established a national Church**

 * =====Priests were chosen by voters.=====
 * Strengthened conflict between the Catholic Church and the Government.
 * Also between the educated people and commoners.
 * "First failure of the new revolutionary government"

**20. Constitution of 1791**
This was the first constitution of France. The Declaration of Rights acted as the preamble for this constitution and this was the response to the Tennis Court Oath. This created a constitutional monarchy and all legislative power went to the Legislative Assembly although it only lasted one year.

**21. Edmund Burke**

 * **-Conservative leader in England who was troubled by the increasing spirit, published //Reflections on the Revolution in France,// Glorified Parliament and concluded that reform would lead to tyranny**
 * **example of foreign opposition**

**22. Mary Wollstonecraft, //Vindication of the Rights of Women//**

 * **//-//**Liberal Leader who came from the middle class in London, attacked Burke's views and argued that men would benefit from the granting of women's rights.
 * **-Worked for coeducation and pushed to allow women to run businesses and pursue other careers**
 * **-Testimony to how the Revolution could inspire those outside of France**

**23. Olympe de Gouges**

 * **-Harbored ideas parallel to Wollostonecraft's in France,**
 * **-Also pushed for women's and equal rights**
 * **-Start of the modern women's movement**

**24. Declaration of Pillnitz (August 27, 1791)**

 * **-The Declaration in which the Monarchs of Austria and Prussia agreed to intervene in France's affairs under certain circumstances, after King Louis XVI and Mary Antoinette attempted to sneak out of france [and also due to the complaints of the Nobles]**

**25. Legislative Assembly**

 * **A new Assembly that came together after the National Assembly Disbanded**
 * **-It was decreed that none of the members of the National Assembly could be elected to the Legislative Assembly**
 * **-Assembly was full of liberals who were passionate in pursuing revolution**
 * **Assisted Napoleon take-over of France on November 9, 1799; wanted rules and rigidity vs. the liberty and freedom wanted years ago**
 * **Disbanded at bayonet point on November 10, 1799, by Napoleon, replaced with Napoleon.**

**26. Jacobins**

 * **-The Well-educated, middle class men who made up the vast majority of the new Legislative Assembly**
 * **-Named after their political Club**
 * **-Attempted to declar war against the "useless Aristocrats" and "despotic monarchs"**
 * **Eventually split into two groups: the Mountains (Robespierre) and the Girondists.**
 * **Not only liberal, but radical**
 * **Republican**
 * **The Jacobins were a young force with fresh ideas. They were a liberal radical force set on the downfall of the old regime.**

**27. France declares war on Austria**

 * -**In 1792, France Declared war on Francis II the Monarch of Austria**
 * **-Austria Allied with Prussia, and France was forced to retreat, leaving Paris open to invaders**
 * **-This reversal of military positions led to rumors being spread that the King and Queen of France were committing treason**
 * **At the end of this war, the king and his family left for the nearby Legislative assembly which kicked the king out of his jobs and arrested him and called for a National Convention to be chosen by complete male suffrage.**
 * **There was a mandatory draft, where all able citizens must fight.**

**28. Storming of the Tuileries Palace (August 10, 1792)**

 * -**Fueled by the rumors of the Monarch's committing treason, a crowd marched to the Royal palace at the Tuileries, where the King and family were forced to flee to the Legislative Assembly, where they were imprisoned and stripped of power**

**29. National Convention (September 21, 1792)**

 * -**Members were to be elected by male suffrage, and led to the death of French monarchy**
 * **-The rise of the National Convention was known as the Second Revolution**
 * **-Promoted democracy, and erased traces of the monarchs power**

**30. September Massacres**

 * **-The city heard rumors that the counter-revolutionary nobles and priests were plotting with the invaders,**
 * **they stormed the prisons of Paris in september and slaughtered half the people they found**

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31. The Republic: The new type of government as declared by the national convention. Sought to create a new popular culture with compelling symbols that promoted the new order. Adopted a new calendar, and tried to redirect the people's enthusiasm for Catholic religious celebrations to secular holidays (and failed in the villages, which were more religious). =====

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32. Girondists: One side of the national convention. They were named so after a department in southwest France. Wanted to continue the war on tyranny, like the mountain did. They were political parties. The Girondists were more conservative. =====

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33. The Mountain: The other side of the national convention. It was named thus after its tendency for the members to sit in the high benches in the left corner. Wanted to continue the war on tyranny like the Girondists did. Much, much more liberal. Believed very strongly in the visible hand. The Mountain was the much more radical group which was much more angry with the govenment and the state of the union. =====

34. Maximilien Robespierre
He was a lawyer and a member of the National Convention. Led the Mountain side of the National Convention. Had the Mountains join forces with the sans-culottes, as well as joining the Committee of Public Safety. Helped France's financial situation through the concept of planned economy (setting price limits on certain products). Was a very large part of the radicalization of France, but efforts eventually led to the fall of France and take-over by Napoleon Bonaparte. He claimed that the Revolution was over. In a sense he was right; the last reforms were made in 1791. The people strongly disliked him for his views on the disablement of speaking against the republic. He was one of the main contributers to the laws that stated the death penalty for those who went against the revolution.

35. Execution of Louis XVI (January 1793)
Executed after the National Convention "overwhelmingly" convicted him of treason. This death sentence, carried out on the newly invented guillotine, may have been the result of the overarching term treason, however the true reason for his death lay in the declaration of France as a Republic and the new regime having abolished the monarchy.

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36. The First Coalition (Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, Spain, the Netherlands, Sardinia): An alliance between these countries to together attack France. They were teamed up against since France was attacking these areas and stealing money, food, etc =====

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37. Sans-Culottes: The petty traders and the laboring poor were known by this name. Means without breeches. They were a decisive group in the revolution. Demanded radical political action because they were starving. The mountain eventually backed them after first despising them. They won, all power in the national assembly shifted to the mountain. =====

38.

 * Committee of Public Safety-** joined by the Mountains (Robespierre) and others, a committee which the National Convention had given dictatorial power so that they could deal with national emergency. Caused much controversy amongst the people/peasants, who wanted a decentralized government; many revolts were held.

39. The Reign of Terror
This marks a one year period in which Robespierre was the head of the Revolution. During this period, approx. 40,000 were killed and 300,000 jailed for different crimes against the Revolution. Robespierre's men were known as the Committee of Public Safety. Comprised of the political alliance between the Mountain and the sans-culottes. This meant that his committee typically appealed to the urban poor. The Committee of Public Safety spied on its own citizens and anyone who acted against the best interest of France was arrested and possibly executed. During this period, France employed a draft system to gain an army and to finish off the battles of the first coalition. If men were resistant, they were killed and anyone agreeing or helping them was jailed. The period ended when Robespierre and his men were executed by other men in the government that feared Robespierre becoming more powerful and more of a tyrant.

40. The Thermidorian Reaction:
Enacted by Robespierre who's extreme efforts to establish a France with neither rich nor poor led to lowly means with "unrestrained despotism" and the guillotine. Robespierre wiped out many of rebels in rural France, yet this Reign of Terror was eventually stopped by what is known as the Thermidorian Reaction. This revolt against the Reign of Terror's excesses was triggered by the CPS and eventually led to the execution of Robespierre.

41. Constitution of 1795
This constitution of approved by the National Convention in 1795. This constitution stated the need for a Directory (five men leading the assembly), and the end of this constitution in 1799 is recognized as the official end to the Revolution. It was more of a conservative constitution than its predecessor. It spelled out a liberal republic with a financial plan that gained much money from taxes. It was led by middle-class lawyers. This constitution did not ensue peace among the urban poor, and was unsuccessful in fixing the problem of civil unrest. This Constitution was thrown out in 1799 when Napoleon organized a Coup d'etat against the directory.

42. The Directory
The Directory was the five-man executive elected by the Legislative Assembly in 1975 after the execution of Robespierre. These men were elected by electors, who were in turn elected by the general census. They supported the expansion of France in foreign lands. However, the unprincipled actions of the Directory only promoted hatred of the wars and of the starvation. The Directory and its constitution was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in a coup d' etat on November 9, 1799. Soldiers disbanded the Legislative Assembly the next day. By overthrowing the Directory, Napoleon replaced a weak dictatorship with a powerful one.

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43. **Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)** - Took over France in 1799 lest France fall from the chaos that recently occurred. Quickly became a fan of the people by making agreements with different classes and ultimately making peace with all of France (including the Church; Concordat of 1801). Restored the family monarch; Created the Grand Empire, consisting of Belgium, Holland, parts of northern Italy, and much German territory, as well as the independent states Austria, Prussia, and Russia. Soon came to be hated by all; his need and energy for power and war urged him to keep waging war on countries such as Austria and Britain multiple times, as well as Prussia and Russia. Was exiled to Elba on April 4, 1814, and replaced by Louis XVIII. Returned again in February 1815, but was unpopular and outnumbered by the other allied states during the Battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815; imprisoned on St. Helena off the coast of Africa.=====

44.

 * First Consul-** Napoleon Bonaparte; became the First Consul of the Republic after disbanding the Legislative assembly; New constitution approved his position in December, 1799. Shows a shift back towards limited monarchy; Napoleon is leader and is thirsting for more power.

45. Civil Code of 1804 (Napoleonic Code)
This agreement was between Napoleon and the middle class of France. It was reminiscent of the fundamental principles of the liberal/moderate Revolution in 1789. It supported the equality of male citizens, as well as personal wealth and property. Napoleon certainly gave the people personal liberties with this agreement, but one has to question whether this was because he was trying to save France and the people, or whether his true motivation was power.

46. Coronation of Napoleon (December 2, 1804) -
Napoleon used the wartime advantage to have himself proclaimed emperor in 1804. He also nominates his wife as queen of France. A famous painting by Jacques-Louis David depicts Napoleon crowning his wife in Notre Dame, while the pope spectates almost as if reduced to nothing more than a figurehead.

47. The Continental System (established in 1806)
The Foreign Policy of Napoleon, essentially an effort to thwart English advancement by nationally prohibiting British trade with France. Partly to give France an advantage in the ever-competitive world of the Industrial Revolution era, partly because Britain served as a primary part of resistance against Napoleonic Rule in France.

48. The Grand Empire -
made a considerable impact on Europe. Many French laws were implemented, including the abolition of feudal dues and serfdom. Peasants and middle class benefited! He had to put the prosperity and special interests of France first, so he levied heavy taxes in money and men. He was a conquering tyrant rather than an enlightened liberator.

49.

 * Battle of Trafalgar (October 21, 1805)**- Power-hungry Napoleon decided he wanted to fight against Britain again (conflicting with the Treaty of Amiens made between Britain and France in 1802). Renewed war with Britain in 1803, and wanted to invade via Mediterranean Sea; he was defeated at the Battle of Trafalgar, even using both French and Spanish fleets, by Lord Nelson of Britain because of Great Britian's naval superiority.

50.
 * Battle of Waterloo**- During period of the Hundred Days, after Napoleon's escape from Elba and return to France in February 1815, when he came back into power (due to the fact that the king at the time, Louis XVIII, fled). Had a small following of people that fought against other allied nations of Europe against Napoleon; was finally defeated at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815, and imprisoned on the island of St. Helena, a tiny island off the coast of Africa. The battle was fought between France led by Napolean and the Seventh Coalition. This was Napolean's last battle.