Terms

[|QUIZLET!]

1. Metternich: Foreign Minister of Austria, battles against liberal change. His policies dominated Austria, the Italian Peninsula, and Germany. He is highly conservative. - a great aristocrat who was passionately devoted to the defense of his class and its interests.
 * Foreign Minister of Austria.
 * Lead the crusade against the ideas and Politics of the dual revolution.
 * Great power over Central Europe.
 * Represented Conservatism.
 * Determined defense of the status-quo & tradition.

2. Holy Alliance: 1st step of Metternich's crusade. A symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe.
 * Battle against liberal political change.
 * Greatest power over Central Europe.
 * Against dual revolution.
 * Conservative principles.
 * Prussia, Russia, & Austria.
 * All absolute monarchs.
 * Have not experienced taint of liberalism.
 * Have reason to be concerned about liberalism

3. Carlsbad Decree: issued by Metternich. Required the 38 German member states of the German Confederation to root out subversive ideas in their universities and newspapers. The decrees also established a permanent committee with spies and informers to investigate and punish any liberal or radical organization.

4. Conservatism: opposing force to liberalism and radical change. Based on the fundamental principles of tradition.
 * Tradition is the basic source of human institutions.
 * Loyalty to status-quo and the past.
 * Against drastic change.

5. Congress of Vienna: Allies whom defeated the French (Prussia, Russia, Austria, Great Britain) met together as the Congress of Vienna, and drafted a general peace settlement. People wanted peace, so the allies attempted to draft a settlement that would not result in any more war.
 * A Dutch monarchy was instated to suppress any further aggression from the French.
 * However, they weren't revengeful against the French.
 * Maintain peace in Europe.

6. Concert of Europe- Document written by Kissinger in his book //Diplomacy// in which he discusses the several decades of peace throughout Europe. Kissinger believes that it was a united sense of conservative morals in Europe, particularly within the Holy Alliance, that upheld a balance of power and maintained the peace across the continent.

7. Balance of Power: used the //traditional// values of balance in military and political power to maintain peace in Europe. Also used current balance of political and military power to resolve their own problems. Upheld by a united sense of conservative morals across Europe. In this balance of power the land in Europe was distributed in a way that all countries were pleased with. No one country was too strong and overpowering. The German states were consolidated, but not completely united and a threat to the BOP.

KLEMENS von METTERNICH - a great aristocrat who was passionately devoted to the defense of his class and its interests.
 * Foreign Minister of Austria.
 * Lead the crusade against the ideas and Politics of the dual revolution.
 * Great power over Central Europe.
 * Represented Conservatism.
 * Determined defense of the status-quo & tradition.

8. Constitutional Charter of 1814 (Louis XVIII): These laws protected the economic and social gains made by the middle class and peasantry. It permitted intellectual and artistic freedoms. Only a small amount of people could vote however. Charles X ended this. This charter granted by Louis XVIII upheld some of the social and political gains made by the middle class during the French Revolution. They had certain artistic freedoms that they had not had before. However this system was not so democratic and was controlled mainly by aristocrats. Charles X abolished this charter altogether.

9. Revolution of 1830 (Charles X): Charles X made laws stripping the middle class of newfound voting rights, and censored the press. He ended the constitutional charter. This caused a three day revolution that tore down the government and forced Charles X to flee.

10. French Revolution of 1848 (Louis Philippe): The Urban poor and the Middle class team up because they both want to move farther left. The Urban poor want socialism, and the middle-class want more liberalism. They end up breaking apart after they win. A republic is established

11. Emperor Napoleon III- came to power in December of 1848 when, after the 2nd French Revolution, he was elected as hereditary ruler. In 1851 he illegally dismissed the National Assembly

12. Austrian Revolution of 1848-  student and working class Hungarians want nationalism but the smaller divisions do not want to lose their independent culture so there is a major showdown between Hungary and the Hapsburgs. Originally the Hungarians were able to place a liberal constitution but their idea of nationalism eventually failed as the Hapsburgs took control.

13. Frederick William of Prussia: The leader of Prussia, creates a liberal constitution, is written in as becoming the leader of Germany, but refuses because the power of the monarchy was on the rise again and he wanted to demand his position as emperor of both Germany and Prussia. Russia stepped in and stopped him because if he had become the leader of both it would have upset the balance of power.

14. John Stuart Mill- liberal thinker who believed that freedom and liberty comes from individualism. If the government makes all the decisions regarding freedoms then they aren't really free, and there is tyranny of majority.

15. Nationalism: The belief that each group of people should have their own government and their own nation. The group is usually made through common language, history, and geography. This was why it was so explosive in central and eastern Europe because the Austrian Empire was made up of many different groups of people in one nation.

16. Otto Von Bismark- I LIKE OTTO! a leader in Prussia who helped instill great patriotism in Prussia although first, under King FW, he illegally denied the assembly and spent a large sum of money on the military. Later, after Prussia had won a war against Austria excluding it from the German Confederation, Bismarck began to gain recognition from the people who were beginning to favor stability over chaos

17. Zollverein: Customs unions, the unification of the principalities in Germany into a single economic entity, thus eliminating internal tariffs (the price for transporting across a principality).

18. Austro-Prussian War: A war that lasted only seven weeks, the newly reorganized Prussian/German army utilized the railroads to destroy Austria. They only requested that Austria stay out of Germany affairs.

19. North German Confederacy- after war with Austria a new constitution is formed in the German states where each principality has their own local government. However the king has total control. Federal affairs are dealt with by a legislature that is elected by universal male suffrage.

20. Franco-Prussian War: Prussia and France fight over whether a relative of Fredrick I will become the king of Spain. France didn't want this because the newly powerful Prussia would become more powerful. It caused the south German states to join the north German states in the confederacy making Germany whole (NATIONALISM).

CONGRESS OF VIENNA - Russia, Prussia, Austria, and great Britain meet in Vienna after defeating France to decide on a peace treaty. They made France its original size, changed other countries boarders, and made barriers against renewed French aggression

BALANCE OF POWER - The congress of Vienna's big thing. It wanted to make sure that none of the big five, Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain, and France become too powerful and attempt to do what Napoleon did. HOLY ALLIANCE - Formed by Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September 1815. Was the First step in the crusade against the ideas and politics of the dual revolution.

CARLSBAD DECREE - Metternich CONSERVATISM - the traditionalist political method that looks down upon liberalism, nationalism, and revolution. This was the type of government that dominated Europe during the time of Metternich, who was a strong conservative. Conservatism is about maintaining a traditional status quo rather than making drastic changes to society.